The process
The naturalization process: every step from Form N-400 to the oath
Key takeaways
- The process starts when you file Form N-400.
- You attend a biometrics appointment, then an interview with an English test and a civics test.
- The decision is approved, continued or denied.
- You become a citizen only when you take the Oath of Allegiance.
Becoming a citizen has seven main steps. Here is each one, in order, and what you do at each.
Step 1: Check that you are eligible
Make sure you meet the requirements before you file. See the citizenship requirements.
Step 2: File Form N-400
You file Form N-400, the Application for Naturalization, with USCIS. You include the documents and the fee the instructions ask for. Many people file on their own. If your case is complicated, an attorney or an accredited representative can help.
You will receive a receipt notice. Keep it. The date you filed decides which civics test you take. If you filed on or after October 20, 2025, you take the 2025 version. See the 2025 test guide.
Step 3: Biometrics appointment
USCIS sends you a notice for a short appointment where it collects your fingerprints, photo and signature. This is not your interview. Go on the date and time on the notice, and bring what it asks for.
Step 4: Prepare for the interview
While you wait, study the 128 civics questions and practice English. Use our 14-day plan when your interview notice arrives. Review your own application too.
Step 5: The interview and tests
An officer reviews your application, gives you the English test and the civics test, and asks you questions. Read what to expect at the interview and the questions the officer may ask.
Step 6: The decision
- Approved. You move on to the oath ceremony.
- Continued. USCIS needs more documents, or you need to retake a test. See what happens if you fail.
- Denied. You receive a decision with reasons and options.
Step 7: The oath ceremony
You take the Oath of Allegiance at a naturalization ceremony. You may receive Form N-445 with the date, time and place. At the ceremony you answer a short questionnaire, turn in your green card, take the oath and receive your Certificate of Naturalization. You become a citizen when you take the oath. Read the full text of the oath.
How long does it take?
It varies a lot by location and by year. Some applicants wait several months. Others wait a year or more. USCIS posts current processing times for each office on its website, so check there instead of trusting an old estimate.
Common questions
What are the steps to become a US citizen?
Check eligibility, file Form N-400, attend the biometrics appointment, prepare for and attend the interview with the English and civics tests, receive a decision, and take the oath.
Is the biometrics appointment the same as the interview?
No. Biometrics is a short appointment to collect fingerprints, a photo and a signature. The interview is a separate appointment.
Do I need a lawyer to apply for citizenship?
No. Many people file on their own. An attorney or accredited representative can help with a complicated case.
When do I officially become a citizen?
When you take the Oath of Allegiance at a naturalization ceremony.
Keep reading
This guide is general information, not legal advice. Rules and forms can change. For your own case, follow your appointment notice, and ask an immigration attorney or an accredited representative if you have questions about your situation.